Chapter Notes 10.3.13

Organic Compounds

Carbohydrates are made up of CH2O. Sugars, glucose fructose

Dehydration is the byproduct of water

Glucose + Fructose = Table Sugar 

Hydrolosis is the use of water to split molecules. 

Lipids do not dissolve in water

They are hydrophobic

Triglyceride are the building blocks of lipids

• Saturated is if the most single bonds are filled
• Monounsaturated is if there is a double covalent bond instead of two single bonds
• Polyunsaturated is if there is a more than one double covalent bond

Phospholipids have a non polar fatty acid chain portion and a phosphate polar portion. All organelles are surrounded by this membrane. It is close to a fat, but has an extra phosphorus group.

Cells

Plant and Animal cells are eukaryotes

• Contain a nucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, mitochondria, vesicles and vacuoles, and lysosomes
• Plant cells have a cell wall and chlorplasts
• The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer, that separates the contents of the cell from its outer surroundings. It is made up of lipids and proteins. 
• Has an endomembrane which is composed of the lysosomes and vesicles to create proteins and lipids.
• All cells have a cytoskeleton to give it structure

Single celled organisms are prokaryotes

• Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus

The plasma membrane determines what the cell does, as well as gives it borders, and tells it what to do in the body

• The phospholipids, as mentioned before, make up the plasma membrane
• Parts of the plasma membrane are hydrophilic and hydrophobic to regulate osmosis
• Carbohydrates also make up the membrane, This helps other cells recognize each other
• Parts of the membrane are permeable, while others are not, making it a semipermeable structure
• Substances that must move into the cell go through active transport
• They can also transport other, larger things within them, which is called bulk transport

Metabolism

Metabolism is the efficiency of using energy

• All the food we eat has potential energy, which is later utilized
• Free energy is energy that is able to do work
• Endergonic reactions require energy to take place
• Exergonic reactions release energy when taking place
• Activation energy is the input energy necessary to cause a chemical reaction
• ATP within the cells gives them energy to complete certain chemical reactions during metabolization 
• Enzymes are considered catalysts, which help speed up the process of chemical reactions within the body

Nutrition

For humans, a balanced diet consists of fruits, vegetables, grains, and protein

Vitamins and minerals are essential organic molecules that we need to survive

ATP is required for all cell functions, because they are the energy from which the cells draw on